Controversial research undertaken at the University of Newchange by Professors Ilaf Mahninpenz and Gladis Odoiy alongside the School of Experimental Experimentation (based in Russia) may rock our world. Or at least our perception of it.
Conducting cutting edge studies on the eye which combine the very latest surgical and laser techniques the Professors had originally been attempting to assess the development of the eye and in particular, the absence of cones. The professors sought to establish whether insufficient cone development in the eye could be responsible "for more than merely colour blindness". As Professor Odiy noted "to date the vast majority of visual researchers have been focused upon perception of colour when contemplating the role of cones; we saw no reason why cones couldn't be responsible for the performance of a far broader range of functions in interacting with other aspects of eye physiology."
"We nearly gave up."
In the course of the study, the Professors nearly gave up after some curious and inconsistent data. As Professor Mahninpenz notes "We nearly gave up. Abandoning a study of course is never desirable, but we just couldn't see anything beyond what had already been said - sometimes it is right to just throw the towel in and move on." Nevertheless both Professors fortuitously ended up teaming with the School of Experimental Experimentation following a "When to give up on Grant Funded Research: Key Performance Indicators for Throwing the Towel in " training session at Newchange, and a further coincidental meeting of the same researchers at a subsequent Heads of School Toga Party. It was at the Toga party that Mahnipenz and Odoiy learnt that the School of Experimental Experimentation were working on dye colouring techniques with a view to establishing human preferences in cake and sweets based on colouring. "The difficulty for them," remarked Odoiy, "was not the absence of findings, but money - their grant had simply run out".
Both teams worked together in creating a project that could combine their expertise. They established a new method that could test out the potential effects of cone inhibition - using a dye which included various light sensitive colours. This, they discovered though simple tests performed on post-doctoral researchers and Phd students, could overwhelm and overload particular cone groupings. "Depending on the concentration of colour we found through the students that they saw things differently, and through scans we could see the inhibition of cones". What the Professors hadn't expected was how radical those changed perceptions might be. As Professor Mahninpenz reports,
"One of the students, "Tania" was quite distressed following the administration of the dye. She yelled to me in broken English, 'Professor, professor - all the shape gone, is gone, is gone!'. Of course, at first I thought that this was a linguistic matter; it was only when we called in the translator that the magnitude of what Tania was seeing, became apparent."
"Professor, professor - all the shape gone, is gone, is gone!" (Tania).
"Tania's" self-reported assessment which detailed that a rounded kettle looked like a flat plate, and that a tennis ball was also plate-like, came up in every single study across the entire cohort of participants. 793 individuals and 50 controls were used in the experiment. Odoiy notes, "after "Tania" we thought that this seemed so bizarre, so we kept testing on her, and then drawing in other participants and yet more, and still more; we just couldn't believe what participants were telling us and there seemed no obvious stopping point. What do you do when people are telling you something that you think just can't be true? We ended up in the position that we had to self-test,"
"What do you do when people are telling you something that you think just can't be true?"
While many of the participants and the researchers have significant visual problems, Mahninpenz considers this a worthy sacrifice. "These findings are so extraordinary, so mind blowing that I would sacrifice my vision many times over to get my hands on these results".
"These findings are so extraordinary, so mind blowing that I would sacrifice my vision many times over to get my hands on these results".
This was not the end of the story for the research team. Nor was it the end of dramatic findings; whilst conducting the Phase 2 of the trial on participants with no visual loss following Phase 1, they tested the correspondence of visual perception with spacial perception and tactile perception. The researchers noted in their report, "we anticipated that subjects would find it difficult to move around, maybe bumping into things or finding it difficult to lift objects or use them, like kettles. This was, not however, what we found - participants had no problems with co-ordination at all - all of them reported finding everything
easier
.
As the report continues, they found that subjects reported not only seeing what we accept as rounded objects, as flat - not only visually, but in touch too. The professors argued that one possibility is that the human brain rewires all perceptions in line with what is visualised, something rendered plausible by virtue of glasses wearers having distorted vision when compared with use of contact lenses, yet nevertheless managed in a "slightly smaller world" to co-ordinate just as effectively. As the report comments, "the world "is" what you see."
"the world "is" what you see."
While the report notes that no firm conclusions can be made in relation to the significance of these studies, they do note possible questions that it raises. These include not only how differences in perception may strongly relate to the cones, but also - and more significantly, how our perception of widely accepted ideas about the world may not be stable. As the report concludes, "it may sound fanciful, but if cone population emerged later in human development, very basic things we have come to accept, like tennis balls are round, may not be true. And while we may now accept the satellite images of earth as corroborating the spherical shape of earth, this too may be visual trickery ". So, we asked the Professors, could the defenders of flat earth theory be right after all? "On that", the Professors laughed, "we'll have to see!".